Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a important health problem that induces ernestful complications and it causes significant morbidity owing to specific microvascular complications such as, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as, ischaemic heart disease, and peripheral vasculopathy. It can affect children, young people and adults and is becoming more common. Ocular complications associated with DM are progressive and rapidly becoming the world's most significant cause of morbidity and are preventable with early detection and timely treatment. This review provides an overview of five main ocular complications associated with DM, diabetic retinopathy and papillopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and ocular surface diseases

Assessment of optic disc and ganglion cell layer in diabetes mellitus type 2

The purpose of this study was to compare the optic disc parameters, retinal nerve fiber (RNFL), and macular ganglion cell layers between patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 and healthy controls. In this cross-sectional study, 69 eyes of 69 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy and 47 eyes of 47 healthy controls were included. Optic disc parameters (i.e., rim area, disc area, cup to disc ratio, cup volume), RNFL, and macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layers (GCL+IPL) thickness were measured by means of spectral domain optical coherence tomography. There were not statistically significant differences between the diabetic patients and healthy controls in terms of RNFL thickness (P=.32), rim area (P=.20), disc area (P=.16), cup volume (P=.12), and average macular GCL+IPL thickness (P=.11). Nevertheless, binocular RNFL thickness symmetry percentage (P=.03), average cup to disc ratio (P=.02), and superior-nasal macular GCL+IPL thickness (P=.04) were statistically significantly different in the diabetic and control groups. Diabetic patients without retinopathy have more binocular RNFL thickness asymmetry, higher cup to disc ratio, and thinner sectoral macular GCL+IPL when compared to healthy controls. Our results may support the statement that DM causes inner retinal neurodegenerative changes. © 2017 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc

Evaluation of cornea and anterior chamber results of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objective: To evaluate the anterior segment findings measured via corneal topography of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to compare the findings with normal subjects.Methods: A total of 43 eyes from 43 patients with OSAS and 43 eyes from 43 healthy persons who were referred to eye clinics from 2012 to 2016 were randomly selected and included in this retrospective study. Routine eye examination and anterior segment findings measured via corneal topography were recorded for both groups. Central corneal thickness (CCT), keratometry values (K1, K2, and Kmax), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber angle (ACA) of the two groups were compared.Results: The mean CCT values of the control and OSAS groups were 567.23 +/- 31.17 and 544.4 +/- 36.44 (p=0.002), respectively. The mean CV (HR) was found to be 60.51 +/- 8.44 in the control group and 59.78 +/- 3.47 in the OSAS group (p=0.04). There was no statistically significant difference between the OSAS and control groups in terms of mean age, K1, K2, Kmax, ACV, ACD, and ACA (p>0.05). The mean apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) score of the OSAS group was found to be 21.82 +/- 12.79. There was no negative or positive correlation between the AHI score and age, CCT, K1, K2, Km, SCL, SCL, SCA, and CV.Conclusion: Central corneal thickness and CV are lower in OSAS patients than in normal people

Vertical muscle transposition augmented with lateral fixation (Foster) suture for Duane syndrome and sixth nerve palsy

PurposeTo report the postoperative results of full-tendon vertical rectus transposition (VRT) augmented with lateral fixation suture for the treatment of type 1 Duane syndrome and sixth nerve palsy and to determine whether there was a decrease in the effect of the Foster suture over time.MethodsThis retrospective, consecutive case series included patients who underwent a full-tendon VRT transposition with lateral fixation for type 1 Duane syndrome or sixth nerve palsy. The primary outcome measures included deviation, abnormal head posture(AHP), abduction deficiency, and postoperative binocular single visual field (BSVF).ResultsEighty-seven patients (87 eyes: 40 eyes with Duane syndrome and 47 eyes with sixth nerve palsy) were included in this study. In Duane syndrome patients, the deviation was reduced by a mean of 95%, the AHP was eliminated in 86% of patients, the abduction was improved by 42%, and a useful BSVF of ∼67% of normal was achieved at 1 year post operation. In sixth nerve palsy patients, the deviation was reduced by 99%, the abduction was improved by 59%, and a useful BSVF of ∼71% of normal was achieved at 1 year post operation. In both groups, the improvements in deviation angle and abduction were stable postoperatively. Sixteen patients needed reoperation for undercorrection.ConclusionVRT surgery with posterior fixation is an effective treatment method for complete sixth nerve palsy and Duane syndrome with esotropia, AHP, and abduction deficiency. The procedure carries a small risk of reoperation for undercorrection. The effect of the Foster suture did not decline over time. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Oxidative stress of crystalline lens in rat menopausal model

Purpose: To evaluate lenticular oxidative stress in rat menopausal models. Methods: Forty Wistar female albino rats were included in this study. A total of thirty rats underwent oophorectomy to generate a menopausal model. Ten rats that did not undergo oophorectomy formed the control group (Group 1). From the rats that underwent oophorectomy, 10 formed the menopause control group (Group 2), 10 were administered a daily injection of methylprednisolone until the end of the study (Group 3), and the remaining 10 rats were administered intraperitoneal streptozocin to induce diabetes mellitus (Group 4). Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative stress index (OSI) measurements of the crystalline lenses were analyzed. Results: The mean OSI was the lowest in group 1 and highest in group 4. Nevertheless, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant in terms of OSI (p > 0.05). The mean TOS values were similar between the groups (p > 0.05), whereas the mean TAC of group 1 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicate that menopause may not promote cataract formation

Does Fundus Fluorescein Angiography Procedure Affect Ocular Pulse Amplitude?

Purpose. This study examines the effects of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) procedure on ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) and intraocular pressure (IOP). Materials and Methods. Sixty eyes of 30 nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy patients (15 males, 15 females) were included in this cross-sectional case series. IOP and OPA were measured with the Pascal dynamic contour tonometer before and after 5 minutes of intravenous fluorescein dye injection. Results. Pre-FFA mean OPA value was  mmHg and post-FFA mean OPA value was  mmHg (). Pre-FFA mean IOP value was  mmHg and post-FFA mean IOP value was  mmHg (). Conclusion. Although both mean OPA and IOP values were decreased after FFA procedure, the difference was not statistically significant. This clinical trial is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12613000433707

In vivo biometric evaluation of Schlemm's canal with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in pseuduexfoliation glaucoma

Purpose: To perform in vivo imaging of the Schlemm's canal (SC) with anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography [AS-spectral-domain (SD)-OCT] and also to measure its biometric parameters including the SC length and SC area in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma. Methods: Forty-one consecutive patients with PEX glaucoma and 41 age- and sex-matched normal subjects were enrolled. All subjects underwent imaging with SD-OCT. The SC length and SC area were examined in the temporal sections and measured with customized software. Results: The percentages of the temporal sections in which SC was observable were similar between the two groups. Mean SC length was found significantly shorter, and mean SC area was found significantly smaller in patients with PEX glaucoma than in controls (p = 0.044 and p = 0.036, respectively). Mean intra-ocular pressure (IOP) values were also similar between two groups. No significant correlations were found between SC measurements and IOP. Conclusions: Anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography offers non-invasive, in vivo measurement of the SC, and it could be used for investigating the SC changes in patients with PEX glaucoma. © 2016 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Lt

Publication trends in pars plana vitrectomy in the last decade

Purpose: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the publication trends in the area of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in the last ten years. Materials and Methods: All of the PPV related research articles, case reports, letters, reviews and meeting abstracts published between January 2009 and December 2018 indexed on the Web of Science Core Collection were evaluated. A bibliometric filter was used to capture publications about PPV by using the key words 'pars plana vitrectomy', 'retina surgery' and 'vitreous surgery' in the 'topic' selection mode. Publication years, topics, document types, authors, languages, country origins, institutions, citations and journals of the published documents were evaluated. Results: A total of 4877 publications was evaluated in this bibliometric study. The total publication counts about PPV had been increased from the year 2009 (368 documents) to 2018 (607 documents). The mostly encountered topics were PPV combined with an anterior segment procedure (670 documents, 13.7%), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (393 documents, 8.1%), and macular hole (388 documents, 8.0%). The most published document type were research articles and case reports (4029 documents, 82.6%). University of London was the most productive institution (131 documents, 2.7%). The journal that published the most about PPV was 'Retina' (615 documents, 12.6%). The average citation count per PPV document was 7.9. Conclusions: In the area of PPV related publications, the most encountered topics were PPV combined with an anterior segment procedure and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment surgery in the last decade. © 2020 Gazi Eye Foundation. All rights reserved